A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that occurs anywhere in the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. UTIs are one of the most common types of infections, particularly in women, but they can affect people of any age or gender.
UTIs are typically caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is naturally present in the gastrointestinal tract and can enter the urinary tract through the urethra. Other bacteria, such as Klebsiella, Proteus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, can also cause UTIs, but they are less common.
There are several types of UTIs, depending on which part of the urinary tract is affected:
1. Lower UTI (Cystitis): This type of UTI affects the bladder and is characterized by symptoms such as:
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Pain or burning sensation during urination (dysuria)
- Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
- Blood in the urine (hematuria)
- Pelvic discomfort or pressure
- Low-grade fever or chills
2. Upper UTI (Pyelonephritis): This type of UTI affects the kidneys and is usually more severe than lower UTIs. In addition to symptoms similar to lower UTIs, pyelonephritis may cause:
- High fever
- Flank pain or tenderness (pain in the side or back)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue or malaise
UTIs are typically diagnosed based on symptoms, a physical examination, and laboratory tests, such as urinalysis and urine culture. Treatment for UTIs usually involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. The choice of antibiotic and duration of treatment depend on the type and severity of the UTI, as well as any underlying medical conditions.
In addition to antibiotics, supportive measures such as drinking plenty of fluids, urinating frequently, and maintaining good hygiene practices can help relieve symptoms and prevent complications associated with UTIs. Recurrent UTIs or complicated cases may require further evaluation and management by a healthcare professional.
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